Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) may be a non-public analysis university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. supported in 1861 in response to the increasing industrial enterprise of the u. s., Massachusetts Institute of Technology adopted a ecu tech university model and stressed laboratory instruction in engineering science and engineering. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and direction throughout war II and therefore the conflict. Post-war defense analysis contributed to the fast growth of the college and field underneath James Killian. the present 168-acre (68.0 ha) field opened in one916 and extends over 1 mile (1.6 km) on the northern bank of the river basin.

MIT, with 5 colleges and one faculty that contain a complete of thirty two departments, is usually cited as among the world's prime universities. The Institute is historically illustrious for its analysis and education within thephysical sciences and engineering, and a lot of recently in biology, economics, linguistics, and management also. The "Engineers" sponsor thirty one sports, most groups of that contend within the NCAA Division III's New EnglandWomen's and public lavatory Athletic Conference; the Division I sport programs contend as a part of the EARC and EAWRC.

As of 2015, eighty five philanthropist laureates, fifty two National honor of Science recipients, sixty five Marshallstudents, forty five Rhodes students, thirty eight MacArthur Fellows, thirty four astronauts, and a couple ofFields Medalists are attached with Massachusetts Institute of Technology. the college incorporates a robustentrepreneurial culture, and therefore the mass revenues of firms supported by Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni would rank because the eleventh-largest economy within the world.

Foundation and vision

In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use recently crammed lands in Back Bay,capital of Massachusetts for a "Conservatory of Art and Science", however the proposal unsuccessful.[17][18] A proposal by William Barton Rogers a charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, signed by the governor of Massachusetts on Gregorian calendar month ten, 1861.

Rogers, a academic from the University of Virginia, wished to ascertain an establishment to handle fast scientific and technological advances. He failed to want to found an expert college, however a mixture with parts of eachskilled and liberal education, proposing that:

The true and solely practicable object of a {polytechnic|polytechnic institute|engineering college|technical school|tech} school is, as I conceive, the teaching, not of the minute details and manipulations of the humanities,which might be done solely within the workshop, however the indoctrination of these scientific principles thattype the idea and rationalization of them, and together with this, a full and organized review of all their leading processes and operations in reference to physical laws.

The Rogers arrange mirrored the German analysis university model, accentuation associate degree freelanceschool engaged in analysis, yet as instruction orientating around seminars and laboratories.




MIT places among the highest 10 in several overall rankings of universities (see right) and rankings supportedstudents' unconcealed preferences. For many years, U.S. News & World Report, the QS World University Rankings,and therefore the educational Ranking of World Universities have stratified MIT's college of Engineering initial, as did the 1995 National analysis Council report. within the same lists, MIT's strongest showings excluding in engineering square measure in technology, the natural sciences, business, economics, linguistics, arithmetic, and, to a lesser extent, government and philosophy.


University rankings

In 2014, cash magazine stratified Massachusetts Institute of Technology as third within the North American country "Best schools for Your Money", supported its assessment of "the most bang for your tuition buck",factorization in quality of education, affordability, and career outcomes. As of 2014, Forbes magazine ratedMassachusetts Institute of Technology because the second "Most Entrepreneurial University", supported the share of alumni and students self-identifying as founders or business house owners on LinkedIn. In 2015, Brookings Fellow Jonathan Rothwell issued a report "Beyond school Rankings", inserting Massachusetts Institute of Technology as third within the North American country, with associate degree calculable forty fifth added to mid-career pay.

harvard university

Harvard University could be a personal Ivy League analysis university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established 1636, whose history, influence and wealth have created it one amongst the foremost prestigious universities within the world.

Established originally by the Massachusetts assembly and shortly thenceforth named for Harvard (its initial benefactor), Harvard is that the United States' oldest establishment of upper learning, and therefore the Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its initial leased corporation. though ne'er formally related  with any denomination, the first school primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian priesthood. Its program and student body were bit by bit secularised throughout the eighteenth century, and by the nineteenth century Harvard had emerged because the central cultural institution among Beantown elites. Following the yank warfare, President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) reworked the school and related  skilled colleges into a contemporary analysis university; Harvard was a institution member of the Association of yankee Universities in 1900. James Bryant Conant junction rectifier the university through the nice Depression and war II and commenced to reform the program and liberalize admissions once the war. The undergrad school became integrated once its 1977 merger with Radcliffe school.

The University is organized into eleven separate tutorial units—ten colleges and therefore the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with fieldes throughout the Beantown metropolitan area: its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is targeted on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, roughly three miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the grad school and athletics facilities, together with Harvard construction, area unit placed across the Charles within the Allston neighborhood of Beantown and therefore the medical, dental, and public health colleges area unit within the Longwood Medical space.Harvard's $37.6 billion monetary endowment is that the largest of any tutorial establishment.

Harvard could be a giant, extremely residential analysis university. The nominal price of attending is high, however the University's giant endowment permits it to supply generous assist packages. It operates many arts, cultural, and scientific museums, aboard the Harvard Library, that is that the world's largest tutorial and personal library system, comprising seventy nine individual libraries with over eighteen million volumes. Harvard's alumni embody eight U.S. presidents, many foreign heads of state, sixty two living billionaires, 335 Rhodes students, and 242 Marshall students. To date, some one hundred fifty chemist laureates and five Fields Medalists (when awarded) are related  as students, faculty, or staff.

History 

Harvard College—originally Harvard Colledge, and around that university eventually grew—was based 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, creating it the oldest establishment of upper learning within the us. for hundreds of years its graduates dominated Massachusetts' clerical and civil ranks, and starting within the nineteenth century its stature became national, then international, as a dozen graduate and skilled colleges were fashioned aboard the nucleus undergrad school. traditionally cogent in national roles area unit the faculties of medication (1782), law (1817) and business (1908) further because the Harvard school of Arts and Sciences (1890). Since the late nineteenth century Harvard has been one amongst the foremost prestigious colleges within the world, its library system and monetary endowment larger than those of the other.

Admission
Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterised by the Carnegie Foundation as "more selective, lower transfer-in"Harvard school accepted five.3% of candidates for the category of 2019, a record low and therefore the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities.Harvard school over its early admissions program in 2007 because the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority candidates applying to selective universities, nevertheless for the category of 2016 associate Early Action program was reintroduced.

The undergrad admissions office's preference for kids of alumni policies are the topic of scrutiny and discussion because it primarily aids Caucasians and therefore the loaded and appears to conflict with the idea of social structure admissions.

university of cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University or just Cambridge)[note 1] could be a body public analysis university in Cambridge, England. supported in 1209, Cambridge is that the second-oldest university within the communicative  world and therefore the world's fourth-oldest extant university.The university grew out of associate association of students United Nations agency left the University of Oxford once a dispute with the townsfolk.The two ancient universities share several common options and square measure usually conjointly stated as "Oxbridge".

Cambridge is systematically graded collectively of the world's best universities. The university has educated several notable alumni, as well as eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. 92 Alfred Nobel laureates are attached with Cambridge as students, faculty, workers or alumni.

Cambridge is made from a range of establishments that embrace thirty one constituent faculties and over a hundred educational departments organized into six colleges. Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is that the world's oldest publisher and therefore the second-largest university press within the world.The university conjointly operates eight cultural and scientific museums, as well as the Fitzwilliam depository, and a biology garden. Cambridge's libraries hold a complete of around fifteen million books, eight million of that square measure in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. Throughout its history, the university has featured in literature and inventive works by varied authors as well as Chaucer, E. M. Forster and C. P. Snow.

In the year finished thirty one Gregorian calendar month 2015, the university had a complete financial gain of £1.64 billion, of that £397 million was from analysis grants and contracts.The central university and faculties have a combined endowment of around £5.89 billion, the most important of any university outside the us.The university is closely coupled with the event of the high-tech  business cluster referred to as "Silicon Fen". it's a member of diverse associations and forms a part of the "golden triangle" of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners, a tutorial health science centre.

History

By the late twelfth century, the Cambridge region already had a intellectual and religion name, attributable to monks from the near  jurisdiction church of Ely. However, it had been an occurrence at Oxford that is presumably to own shaped the institution of the university: 2 Oxford students were hanged by the city authorities for the death of a lady, while not consulting the religion authorities, United Nations agency would unremarkably take precedence (and pardon the scholars) in such a case, however were at that point in conflict with the King John. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most students stirred to cities like Paris, Reading, and Cambridge. once the University of Oxford reformed many years later, enough students remained in Cambridge to create the nucleus of the new university. so as to assert precedence, it's common for Cambridge to trace its foundation to the 1231 charter from King Henry III granting it the proper to discipline its own members (ius non-trahi extra) associated an exemption from some taxes. (Oxford wouldn't receive an identical improvement till 1248.) 

A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the proper to show "everywhere in Christendom". once Cambridge was represented as a studium generale in an exceedingly letter by Pope St. Nicholas IV in 1290, and confirmed intrinsically in an exceedingly bull by Pope John XXII in 1318, it became common for researchers from alternative European medieval universities to go to Cambridge to review or to provide lecture courses.


Admissions

Undergraduate applications to Cambridge should be created through UCAS in time for the first point in time, presently period within the year before beginning. till the Nineteen Eighties candidates for all subjects were needed to take a seat special entrance examinations, since replaced by further tests for a few subjects, like the Thinking Skills Assessment and therefore the Cambridge Law check. The University is considering reintroducing associate admissions communication for all subjects with impact from 2016.

Most candidates United Nations agency square measure demanded interview can are expected a minimum of 3 A-grade A-level qualifications relevant to their chosen collegian course, or the equivalent in alternative qualifications, like getting access to least seven,7,6 for higher-level subjects at IB. The A* A-level grade (introduced in 2010) currently plays a neighborhood within the acceptance of applications, with the university's normal supply for many courses being set at A*AA, with A*A*A for sciences courses. attributable to a awfully high proportion of candidates receiving the very best faculty grades, the interview method is crucial for distinctive between the foremost ready candidates. The interview is performed by school Fellows, United Nations agency assess candidates on unexamined factors like potential for original thinking and ability. For exceptional candidates, a matric supply is typically offered, requiring solely 2 A-levels at grade E or higher than. In 2006, 5,228 students United Nations agency were rejected went on to induce three A levels or additional at grade A, representing regarding sixty three of all candidates rejected. The acceptance rate for college students within the 2012–2013 cycle was twenty one.9%.

Strong candidates United Nations agency don't seem to be self-made at their chosen school is also placed within the Winter Pool, wherever they will be offered places by alternative faculties. this is often so as to keep up consistency throughout the universities, a number of that receive additional candidates than others.

Graduate admission is 1st determined by the college or department about the applicant's subject. This effectively guarantees admission to a college—though not essentially the applicant's most popular alternative.

california institute of technology

The California Institute of Technology (abbreviated Caltech) may be a non-public analysis university placed in metropolis, California, us. though based as a preceding and lycee by Amos G. Throop in 1891, the school attracted authoritative scientists like George Ellery Hale, Arthur Amos poet, and Henry M. Robert Andrews physicist within the early twentieth century. The occupation and preceding colleges were disbanded and spun off in 1910, and also the faculty assumed its gift name in 1921. In 1934, Caltech was nonappointive to the Association of yankee Universities, and also the antecedents of NASA's reaction propulsion Laboratory, that Caltech continues to manage and operate, were established between 1936 and 1943 underneath Theodore von Kármán. The university is one in every of atiny low cluster of Institutes of Technology within the us that tends to be primarily dedicated to the instruction of technical arts and applied sciences.

Caltech has six educational divisions with robust stress on science and engineering, managing $332 million in 2011 in sponsored analysis.[9] Its 124-acre (50 ha) primary field is found close to eleven mi (18 km) northeast of downtown la. freshman students ar needed to measure on field, and ninety fifth of undergraduates stay within the on-campus house system. though Caltech contains a robust tradition of sensible jokes and pranks, student life is ruled by Associate in Nursing honor code that permits school to assign nett examinations. The Caltech Beavers contend in thirteen extramural sports within the NCAA Division III's Southern California extramural Athletic Conference.

Caltech is often cited united of the world's best universities. Despite its little size, thirty three Caltech alumni and school have won a complete of thirty four Nobel Prizes (Linus chemist being the sole individual in history to win 2 separate prizes) and seventy one have won the us National honour of Science or Technology. There ar 112 school members UN agency are nonappointive to the National Academies. additionally, various school members ar related to the airman Medical Institute moreover as independent agency.

History

Caltech started as a lycee based in metropolis in 1891 by native bourgeois and politician Amos G. Throop. the college was familiar in turn as Throop University, Throop technical school (and Manual coaching School), and Throop faculty of Technology, before deed its current name in 1920. The lycee was disbanded and also the preceding program was split off to make Associate in Nursing freelance tech faculty in 1907.

At a time once research project within the us was still in its infancy, George Ellery Hale, a star physicist from the University of Chicago, based the Wilson Observatory in 1904. He joined Throop's board of trustees in 1907, and shortly began developing it and also the whole of metropolis into a significant scientific and cultural destination. He designed the appointment of James A. B. Scherer, a literary scholar untaught in science however a capable administrator and fund raiser, to Throop's presidency in 1908. Scherer persuaded retired bourgeois and trustee Charles W. Gates to present $25,000 in working capital to make Gates Laboratory, the primary science building on field.

Admissions

For the category of 2018 (enrolled fall 2014), Caltech received half dozen,524 applications and accepted 529 (8.1%).In 2013, the amount enrolling was 249; the yield rate (the share of accepted students UN agency enroll) was forty third. Of the thirty first of coming into freshmen UN agency submitted category rank, ninety eight were within the prime 100 percent of their highschool classes; 100 percent graded within the prime quarter. the center five hundredth vary of Sabbatum scores for listed freshmen were 720-780 for essential reading, 770-800 for mathematics, and 730-800 for writing. the center five hundredth vary ACT Composite score was 33-35.


Tuition and assist

Undergraduate tuition for the 2013–2014 academic year was $39,990 and total annual prices were calculable to be $58,755.In 2012–2013, Caltech awarded $17.1 million in need-based aid, $438k in non-need-based aid, and $2.51 million in assistance support to listed undergrad student. the typical assist package of all students eligible for aid was $38,756 and students graduated with a median debt of $15,090.

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (informally university or just Oxford) may be a body analysis university situated in Oxford, Britain. whereas having no famed date of foundation, there's proof of teaching as so much back as 1096,making it the oldest university within the communicatory world and also the world's second-oldest extant university.It grew chop-chop from 1167 once Henry II prohibited English students from attending the University of Paris. once disputes between students and Oxford town in 1209, some teachers fled northeast to Cambridge wherever they established what became the University of Cambridge.The two "ancient universities" area unit oft collectively cited as "Oxbridge".

The university is created of a range of establishments, as well as thirty eight constituent schools and a full vary of educational departments that area unit union into four divisions. All the colleges area unit autonomous establishments as a part of the university, every dominant its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities.Being a university, it doesn't have a main campus; instead, all the buildings and facilities area unit scattered throughout town centre. Most college man teaching at Oxford is union around weekly tutorials at the autonomous schools and halls, supported by categories, lectures and laboratory work provided by university colleges and departments.

Oxford is that the home of many notable scholarships, as well as the Clarendon Scholarship that was launched in 2001 and also the Rhodes Scholarship that has brought graduate students to check at the university for over a century. The university operates the most important university press within the world and also the largest tutorial library system in Britain. Oxford has educated several notable alumni, as well as twenty seven Alfred Bernhard Nobel laureates, twenty six British prime ministers (most recently David Cameron, the incumbent) and lots of foreign heads of state.

History

The University of Oxford has no famed foundation date.[17] Teaching at Oxford existed in some type as early as 1096, however it's unclear once a university came into being. It grew quickly in 1167 once English students came back from the University of Paris. The scholarly person Gerald of Wales lectured to such students in 1188 and also the initial famed foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. the pinnacle of the university was named a chancellor from a minimum of 1201 and also the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231. The university was granted a charter in 1248 throughout the reign of King Henry III.

After disputes between students and Oxford town in 1209, some teachers fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the University of Cambridge.

The students associated along on the idea of geographical origins, into 2 "nations", representing the North (Northern or Boreales, including English|the English|nation|land|country|a people} people north of the Trent River and also the Scots) and also the South (Southern or Australes, including a people south of the River Trent, country and also the Welsh). In later centuries, geographical origins continuing to influence several students' affiliations once membership of a university or hall became customary in Oxford. additionally to the current, members of the many non secular orders, as well as Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Augustinians, settled in Oxford within the mid-13th century, gained influence and maintained homes or halls for college students. At concerning identical time, personal benefactors established schools to function self-contained critical communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, UN agency in 1249 endued with University faculty, and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots; Balliol faculty bears his name.[20] Another founder, Bruno Walter American state Merton, a Lord High Chancellor of European nation and later Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of rules for faculty life; Merton faculty thereby became the model for such institutions at Oxford, additionally as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, Associate in Nursing increasing range of scholars forsook living in halls and non secular homes in favour of living in schools.

In 1333–34, an endeavor by some discontent Oxford students to found a brand new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the schools of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III.Thereafter, till the decade, no new universities were allowed to be based in European nation, even in London; therefore, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, that was uncommon in western European countries.

Admission

In common with most British universities, prospective students apply through the UCAS application system, however prospective candidates for the University of Oxford, along side those for drugs, dentistry, and University of Cambridge candidates, should observe Associate in Nursing earlier point in time of fifteen Oct.

To allow a a lot of individualized judgement of scholars, UN agency would possibly otherwise apply for each, college man candidates don't seem to be permissible to use to each Oxford and Cambridge within the same year. the sole exceptions area unit candidates for organ scholarships and people applying to browse for a second college man degree.

Most candidates prefer to apply to 1 of the individual schools, that work with one another to confirm that the simplest students gain an area somewhere at the university notwithstanding their faculty preferences.Shortlisting relies on achieved and foretold communicating results, college references, and, in some subjects, written admission tests or candidate-submitted written work. some hour of candidates area unit shortlisted, though this varies by subject. If an outsized range of shortlisted candidates for a theme opt for one faculty, then students UN agency named that faculty could also be reallocated at random to under-subscribed schools for the topic. the colleges then invite shortlisted candidates for interview, wherever they're supplied with food and accommodation for around 3 days in Gregorian calendar month. Most candidates are going to be one by one interviewed by teachers at over one faculty. Students from outside Europe are often interviewed remotely, as an example, over the net.

Offers area unit sent get in early Jan, with every provide typically being from a selected faculty. One in four productive candidates receives a suggestion from a university that they didn't apply to. Some courses might build "open offers" to some candidates, UN agency don't seem to be allotted to a selected faculty till A level results day in August.